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It's another World Cup Final, and Ghana has been placed in the same group as Portugal. The first encounter between these two countries occurred in the 1470s. In FIFA's prestigious tournament, we first met the Portuguese senior national team in 2014, when they defeated Ghana 2-1 in their final Group G match. Both teams were unable to advance beyond the group stages.
Ghana had a poor showing in the tournament because our players were squabbling over winning bonuses. Enough of that already. Let's take a look back at the two countries' interactions from the standpoint of historical linguistics.
Our First Meeting
Ghana was known as the Gold Coast before it gained independence on March 6, 1957. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to set foot on the landmass in 1471. Portuguese sailors Joäo de Santarem and Pedro Escobar, knights of the royal household were the first Europeans to navigate past the coast of Ogua.
They named the place Cabo Corso meaning ‘short cape,’ Later, Cabo Corso was anglicized to Cape Coast, indicating that this headland served as a landmark for sailors from the time that European settlers first arrived in the region.
This was possibly the first linguistic contribution from Portugal to Ghana's linguistic history. When they arrived, they discovered so much gold between the Ankobra and the Volta rivers that they gave the region the name ‘da Mina’ which translates to ‘the Mine.’
Upon the discovery of the riches of the coast, they launched their imperial expansion. Subsequently, on 19th January 1482, Diego d’Azambuja arrived in Adina (now Elmina) to strike a deal for them to permanently settle in Gold Coast due to the abundance of gold.
In describing the riches at the time, Manuel Nunes Dias unequivocally remarked that the “Mina aroused appetites- a land where gold could be traded for trinkets.”
To further their trade, particularly in gold and slaves, the Portuguese built the first castle on the Gold Coast in Elmina in 1482. After defeating the Portuguese in 1637, the Dutch took control of the castle at Elmina.
Portuguese Language on Gold Coast
The contact between these two races came with its own challenges. How could these two distinct groups with different languages communicate meaningfully with each other? History tells us that Portuguese was a trade language on the Gold Coast. This perhaps resulted in a ‘pidgin Portuguese’ called the ‘country Portuguese’ which was only spoken and was used in trading and signing contractual agreements with the indigenes.
It is on record that after their defeat in 1642, a number of Portuguese-speaking European residents in Elmina and Axim taught Portuguese to the local boys in schools. In the 1570s, Augustinian missionaries at Elmina taught Portuguese to mulatto children in the castle schools for several years. Some Portuguese also settled at Abakrampa and Komenda (both in Central Region).
The Offspring of our Linguistic Intercourse
Whenever two languages interact, they exchange linguistic materials. Lexical borrowing is the term used to describe borrowing that only involves vocabulary items (words). Some elderly people in traditional Ghanaian homes disapprove of using English words when speaking a local language.
In Twi, they will remark, Wopɛ aborɔfosɛm dodo to wit you like using too much of English. However, if you use words like kanea or asikyire in conversation, they won't respond with Wopɛ Portuguesesɛm dodo.
These words, however, are not typical of the native Akan language. In actuality, historical, these and numerous other words have Portuguese roots. They might not be aware partly because those words perfectly fit into our native languages.
Yes! It is also expected because words that are borrowed from one language into another are usually adapted to fit that language's phonological structures. Or perhaps, they are unaware of the 166-year-old encounter our ancestors had with the Portuguese.
Portuguese Word Indigenous Version Meaning
arca adaka (Akan); adeka (Ga) ‘chest/box’
açucar asikyire (Akan); sikli (Ga) ‘sugar’
amarrador amradofo, amrado(Akan); amralo(Ga) ‘master’
batel, bateira batadewa (Akan); batɔɔ(Ga) ‘small boat’
cal akaadoo(Akan); kaalo (Ga) ‘lime’
candeia kanea (Akan); kane (Ga) ‘lamp’
bolo aboodoo ‘cake’
carta krataa ‘paper’
cobre kɔɔbre ‘copper’
forno foonoo ‘oven’
cebola sabolai; sabola (Ga) ‘onion
chave safe/safowa/; samfee (Ga) ‘key’
camisa kaminsaa ‘shirt’
cocos akooshi (Ga) ‘coconut
conta akonta; akɔntaa ‘accounts’
costumes kusumi (Ga, Dangme) ‘customs’
goiaba aguaba (Akan); gowa (Ga) ‘guava’
hamaca ahamankaa; ahimanka ‘hammock’
paõ paanoo ‘bread’
porco prako ‘pig’
prego prɛgo (Akan); plɛkoo (Ga) ‘nail’
sapato, sapateta asopatee/asepatere(Akan);asepaatere( Ga) ‘slipper
tabaco tawa (Akan, Ga) ‘tobacco’
sica sekan ‘knife’
tábua tabono (Akan); tablɔŋ (Ga) ‘board/paddle’
varanda varanda ‘balcony’
seda seda (Akan, Ga) ‘silk’
NB: The lone words under the indigenous versions that are not indicated are all Akan.
To better appreciate the phonological change between the Akan/Ga and the Portuguese versions, go to Google and listen to the Portuguese pronunciation of the words. Do you know any other Portuguese words that sneaked into any of the Ghanaian languages?
To the list, add up. As we lace up our boots and wait for the start of the game between the two nations, let the fun begin.
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