On the occasion of the 53rd anniversary of Ghana's independence, it worthwhile to take stock of where we are as a nation after journeying for 53 years on our quest for socio economic development and uplifting our people from poverty. It's been well documented that at independence in 1957, Ghana was better off thanthe Republic of Korea, Singapore, Malaysia etc among others, but where do we stand now as a nation vis-a-vis these other nations?
It is disheartening to note that Ghana, once the beacon of hope in Africa, a country so blessed with many natural resources cannot meet it's basic needs after half a century of political independence. Over 40% of its citizens survive on less than a dollar a day, have no access to clean drinking water, uninterrupted electricity, bsaic health services, and formal education. What went wrong? Where did the promise and the dream go?
Yet any pragmatic discussion on the country's economic situation degenerates into bickering partisanship, name calling, insults, heated tribalistic arguments that fail to identify the problems let alone address them. No wonder we are stagnating in our development efforts and even going backwards in some respects. I would like to draw readers attention to a very well written and well analysed article written by my dear friend B.K. Obeng- Diawuo, titled: Ghana: The Burden of Underdevelopment" Which you might not have read. So I am reproducing the original article here. Credit is due him. Please read on:
Sometimes, I even wonder if we aren't going back instead of forward. I grew up at Asamankese in the Eastern Region. When I take a look back at the township, in terms of social development, I do not find any changes that have occurred in the last forty years that I have known this beautiful town. The first and only public water pipes that were laid for the town were provided by the Progress Party government of Dr. Kofi Busia in 1970. Around the same time, the Asamankese-Suhum road was constructed under Busia's Rural Development Programme. Ever since then no more pipe stands have been added to the already existing ones; infact, the few that were erected have long since ceased to function and have not been serviced since. No new roads have been added to the ones that were constructed in the early 1970s by the Busia government.
This is regardless of the fact that the number of vehicles on our roads have increased by about 1,000% since those roads were built. No new School buildings have been added to the already existing ones. The same buildings that served as classrooms and offices for the Asamankese-Anum Presby School, where I received my Public School education, have not seen any major renovations. The same old dwarf walls remain to this day. In some parts of the town, erosion has undercut several structures, so much so that what used to be a favourite haunt of children have become decrepit death traps that people stay away from. Yet the township has increased in size far beyond what used to be its boundaries in the 1970s.I have only used Asamankese as a microcosmic picture of what may be happening el sewhere in Ghana. I am sure that many other towns in Ghana have undergone similar structural damage and ecological atrophy.
Some people look at the number and sizes of private buildings that have sprung up across the country since say, 1970, and the number of cars that ply our roads today as opposed to what the number was in the same period, and conclude that Ghana is 'developing'. I call this 'Growth without Development'. These optimists are often too quick to point out that if you go to Accra or Kumasi and see the cars that some people are driving, you wouldn't beleive it. They argue that the Developed World must stop calling us Third World because we drive the same cars that they drive and live the same affluent lifestyles that they live. Yes, right!
My answer to these arguments is this: majority of the people in Ghana do not live in Accra, Kumasi, etc. and even in Kumasi, Accra, etc, less than 1% of the people drive those cars. Whenever you notice one porsh car pass by, because your attention is riveted on that car for the next five, or even ten, minutes, you do not notice that ten tro-tro buses and /or taxis will pass by before another similarly porsh car zooms by. The 'tro-tros' and taxis that limp by in between the porsh cars, carry the bulk of the people who live in the cities - the average person, those who constitute the other 99% of the population and for whom ever riding in such cars remains, for now, only a mirage.
I remember very well that when we were in the Secondary School, at least half of our teacher population owned cars on a hire-purchase arrangement. My Headmaster and his wife had two cars between them. Today, a Headmaster would be extremely lucky to have a car. As for the other teachers on the staff, they have long since stopped having those dreams. The same could be said about Education Officers and other office workers, including Civil Servants. If twenty years ago, this class of workers could own c ars, but cannot even begin to talk about it now, what does it mean? If this is not a sign that we are going down instead of up, what does it point to? And yet people talk in such glowing terms about how our economy is improving and how Ghana is developing because a few people are driving $25,000 vehicles and putting up pleasant dwellings.
In fact the average person does not even live in Kumasi, Accra or Takoradi. How many of such cities do we have in Ghana? The average person lives in places like Aburi, Akropong, Asankragwa, Enchi, Goaso, Sankore, Bogoso, Ayanfuri, Ateiku, Huni-Valley (these are places I have lived before, so am familiar with life there) etc. And how many of these cars and buidings do we see in these towns?
It is fine that people drive such sleek automobiles in Ghana, because it graces their egos and make them feel really good; but that is not a true indicator of the fact that we are not a Third World country. The true indicator comes when that $50,000 cross country vehicle overturns somewhere between Obuasi and Akim Oda (one of the worst roads I have ever travelled), or veers off the Goaso-Sankore road. Suddenly, there is an emergency on our hands. Several people are unconscious and some are losing blood quickly. You pull out your cell phone to call, and all lines are busy. You may never reach the police because they do not even have a telephone. But let's say you finally reach the New Edubiase or Goaso police, you are most likely to be told that there is no vehicle at the station because the District Police Chief has travelled to Kumasi, or Sunyani in the only official vehicle. So you resort to self help, which is what we rely on for many things in Ghana. You literally beg the commercial vehicles that pass by, and a kind driver finally stops to empty his "Watonkyene" of its passengers and offers to transport the victims to the 'nearby hospital'. This phrase 'nearby hospital' always fascinates me. Sometimes it is three hours' drive away.
The accident victims are, by now, in a hopeless situation because no first aid care is being administered on the way to the hospital. What is even worse, the fact that they were scooped out of the wreck by untrained, on-the-spur-of-the-moment road-side paramedics who did not give any thought to the correct way of handling accident victims, has even pushed these hapless victims much closer to the point where they are almost beyond any help. Now, you finally arrive at the Assin Foso Government Hospital only to discover that the only doctor on duty has already left. It takes about three hours to get him to come back. Tragically, all of this has taken a total of about five hours! Five hours in an emergency like this one is too long a time to be toying with the lives of accident victims. By now most of the critically injured victims - those who need oxygen, or those who had been bleeding from major arteries are too far gone to be redeemed. Many ar e dead, and the luckier ones are comatose - and may never regain consciousness, because they have suffered massive brain damage. A few others have had their spinal cords severed at the base of their necks and at other delicate spots because of their handling by untrained persons.
Unfortunately, this is what many Ghanaians go through every day - whether they are driving state-of the-art cross country vehicles or glistening salon cars; or whether they are brandishing the latest models of NOKIA cell phones. Many people die untimely deaths because what is considered basic services in other lands are without our reach in Ghana. And this is regardless of whether you drive a Jaguar or you steal a ride on a Goaso-Brekum 'kosan' 'watonkyene'.
In other words, the concept of Development is not neccesarily about sleek automobiles, cell phones, computers, etc. Development includes among many other things, how speedily certain essential amenities and social services could be provided to, or accessed by, the people of a given country. A country's level of development also manifests in times of emergencies when swift action is needed to cope with situations that are spiralling out of control.
The physical tools that are considered status symbols in Ghana, or that are seen as the paraphernalia of the elite, such as cars, high-rise buildings, overhead roads, cell phones, computers, microwave ovens, rice cookers, etc. are merely what I call the accessories of a country's level of development. They are not the real indicators of whether or not a country is developed. In other more developed lands, these things are not used to assess the level of development beacuse they are basic to life. The foundations of a country's level of development go much deeper than these superficial indices. Much of the time, the real indicators of Development are intangible factors that we do not see as we go about our normal routines - until something critical happens.
Consider this hypothetical case. A person may be living on Welfare in any of the Developed countries of the world. She may be living in a run-down apartment in a slum area of the city. She may not have a car; maybe not even a telephone. But at 7am when people are leaving their homes to go to work, her child is suddenly taken ill. She asks her neighbour to call the emergency number for her, and you'll bet that within 15 minutes, or even less time than that, an ambulance may be whisking her child to the nearest hospital. In her country it is really the nearest hospital. The early morning rush hour traffic would not get in their way, because this is an emergency vehicle hurtling down a city road. And even before they get to the hospital, treatment of her child may have already begun. The woman may not have any medical insurance, but that problem would not prevent her child from receiving critical care at the time that she needs it most. She would not have to put fo rward any dow n payment before her child is given the essential care she needs.
If a similar thing happened to a family in Ghana at 7am, there obviously may not be any ambulance to her rescue. But that family drives a $25,000 cross country vehicle or a Jaguar. So fine, they haul the dying child into the car and roll out of their drive way at East Legon. The struggle then begins to fight the early morning infamous Tetteh Quarshie Circle jams because this is not an emergency vehicle. I am nervous because this little girl's life is slipping away in the early morning Accra traffic, and no one seems to care because again, this is not an emergency vehicle. In fact, on the contrary, the 'tro-tros' and taxis and the 'mmobrowas' are fuming with anger because they mistakenly think that this wealthy family is trying to bully them out of the way. So, quite often, out of spite, the 'mmobrowa' would get in their way to frustrate them. I wonder if this critically sick child will ever make it to the 'nearest hospital'. Don't make any mistakes. This is a filthy rich fami ly who could fly their child out of the country and pay for her treatment without sweat. This is a very wealthy family who may even have tens of millions of cedis loaded onto their car ready to pay for the best treatment that any Accra doctor would offer their dying child. Let's say their daughter was pulled out of the bottom of their swimming pool. When a person is unconscious under such circumstances and she needs oxygen to her brain to avert brain damage, she has only minutes to receive the care she requires or she would become permanently brain-damaged and later die. The traffic is so heavy that even before the family gets to the Airport intersection, their child breathes her last.
So on the one hand a working class woman on welfare receives timely and quality treatment to save her child from imminent death. On the other hand, an affluent family in Ghana watches on as their chil d's life slips away because of in-built weaknesses in the system that her country runs.It seems obvious on a casual look that the wealthy Ghanaian family enjoys a higher standard of living than the American, British or Japanese woman in our hypothetical story. But it might be a little simplistic to come to this hasty conclusion without analysing what goes into making a country a Developed entity. What constitutes a high standard of life? Is it seen only in pleasant physical structures and contraptions, or in intangible attributes as well? I don't want to dwell too much on the subject of 'standard of life'because it is a highly controversial one.Suffice it to say that, I only want to stir up debate in your minds about what really constitutes a higher standard of life using the ab ove hypothetical story as a tool of analysis.
The point I am making here is that, it is not enough to be wealthy in a Third World country and assume that all is well and will continue to be well. There are times when your wealth may be useless in your hands to save you from certain situations. That is what our elders call, SIKAMUMU (literally, money that cannot speak, but idiomatically it means useless wealth). On the other hand, it does not always require money or status to receive some of the more important services in the more advanced societies of the world.
I would not gain anything by proving that Ghana is a Third World country. In fact it would only make me sadder. So, I am not out to gloat over our level of underdevelopment. I believe, though, that we would be better off to know quite clearly where we stand when it comes to the roll call of development. This would jolt us into action, because we need to take drastic measures to prevent a further slide down the hole we are in right now.
Our governments, past and present, do not seem to feel this sense of urgency. Successive governments have failed our country! There are certain basic services or social amenities and infrastructures that are needed to deal with emergencies, especially those that border on life and death. We thought that twenty years of a populist "revolution" would provide us with a certain level of development that would form a basis for pulling Ghana out of this present predicament. A "revolution" is usually a form of government that adopts a far-reaching economic and social measures whose consequences would benefit its people for many years to come. I cannot believe that for about twenty years, Ghana went through a "revolution" and couldn't even address basic national issues such as how to deal with emergencies.
B.K. Obeng-Diawuoh, Bardstown, Kentucky USA
Yep, Mr. Obeng-Diawuoh did a cogent analysis of the concepts of development and underdevelopment as they apply to our current situati on in Ghana. I think it is a brilliant analysis that deserves commendation from all. Are we moving forward or backwards or may be we are just marking time 51 years after independence.
Ben Ofosu-Appiah, Tokyo, Japan. The author is a public policy expert, senior social and political analyst and policy strategist based in Tokyo, Japan. He welcomes your comments. do4luv27@hotmail.com
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