Why the Government of Ghana needs to push for 1.5 Degrees ...

as Global Target to protect the whole country from the risk of climate change

In the wake of the G7’s announcement to limit global warming to 2 degrees, UN climate negotiators from the world’s most vulnerable nations have questioned whether 2 degrees is too dangerous.

Unfortunately, their call to focus efforts on limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees were blocked today from some of the most powerful nations at the UN climate talks; India, China and Saudi Arabia.

Care International’s Sven Harmeling has labeled this move “highly concerning”, especially given the human rights implications of a 2 degree target.

This concern turned to protest today, as young people gathered at the UN with banners of tropical storms. They then asked negotiators to “add their name here” if they believed that a 2 degree world was safe, noting that they would use their names for the “future disasters of a 2 degree world”.

Last week a group of global Human Rights experts, highlighted what they called the “human rights” implications of a 2 degree rise, calling it "the greatest human rights challenges of our generation”.

They argue in line with the most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that people who are currently “marginalized are especially vulnerable to climate change”, even at only 2 degrees of warming. (need to send the link)

They also pointed the finger of responsibility squarely at "the heads of governments and their climate negotiators” who they say "represent the very last generation that can prevent catastrophic environmental harm to a vast array of human rights”

A U.N. report released earlier this year states that climate change accounts for 87 percent of disasters worldwide. This figure, it must be remembered, comes with only 0.8 degrees Celsius of global temperature rise that we are now experiencing.

However scientists are largely uncertain what the impacts of a doubling of current warming could be.

As Harjeet Singh from ActionAid International points out "In reality, the impacts of increasing temperature levels will not be linear, but will multiply what we face now several times over. What will happen at 2, 3 or 4 degrees Celsius of warming is unimaginable”.

Those countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change have been concerned about the reality of 2 degrees of warming since the UN climate talks began.

As the Philippines Climate Change Commissioner, Mary Ann Lucille Sering argued earlier this year, "How can we possibly subscribe to more than double current warming given what less than 1 degree Celsius has entailed?”

Seeing currently heads a group of countries within the UN climate talks known as the Climate Vulnerable Forum, who argue that the 2 degree target, reinforced by leaders of the G7 this week is "inadequate, posing serious threats for fundamental human rights, labor and migration and displacement"

Seeing and other leaders of the Climate Vulnerable Forum commissioned a Human Rights inquiry into the 2 degree target earlier this year that has highlighted the severe impacts of 2 degrees for poor and marginalized groups around the world.

John Knox, who lead the inquiry as the U.N. Special Rapporteur for Human Rights and the Environment argued that “Even moving from one to two degrees of warming negatively affects the full enjoyment of a wide range of human rights.”

He further believes it will have a multiplying impact on Human Rights around the world, and make it very difficult for countries to "respect, protect and promote human rights.”

These reports and the current state of UN climate negotiations around the 2 degree target have shown light once again on the importance of support that developing countries will need to face the ongoing impacts of global warming.

In fact, the government of Vanuatu has decided to sue the world’s leading fossil fuel companies for the impacts of climate change that they are already facing. Earlier this year, Cyclone Pam destroyed more than 90 per cent of housing infrastructure in the pacific nation’s capital city, Port Vila.

Baldwin Lonsdale, president of Vanuatu called the Cyclone a “monster” which was directly linked to Climate Change. As such, his government has now decided to “bring a case that would investigate the human rights implications of climate change and hold the big carbon polluters accountable to appropriate international bodies.”

Within the UN climate negotiations, many fear that financial support for adaptation and the damages that cannot be adapted to will not meet the required targets. This is what led negotiators and civil society actors to stage a protest today in the UN climate talks demanding that negotiators not only recognize the importance of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees, but also reinvigorate negotiations to better support the inevitable damages that will result.

Interestingly, this has been one of the key negotiating points for India over the years. However, with its plans to push ahead with its controversial coal plant in the pristine Sundarbands region of Bangladesh, and ban NGO’s from criticising, it may indeed be set on a development path that is at odds with its developing country partners.

While a 1.5 degree world may not seem “realistic” to the likes of India, China and Saudi Arabia, all seeking to continue to exploit their vast fossil fuel resources, it is only a matter of time before the true “reality” of a warming world sets in.

Why Ghana government needs to push for 1.5 degrees

• A low temperature target such as 1.5 degrees is the best bet to prevent severe, pervasive, and potentially irreversible impacts while allowing ecosystems to adapt naturally, ensuring food production and security, and enabling economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. The 2 degrees temperature is not good for a middle income country like Ghana for protecting our country from the risk of climate change.

• Targeting 1.5 degrees will help cut greenhouse gases in Ghana thereby shifting from fossil fuel to renewable energies such as wind, hydro and solar power.

• 1.5 degrees will stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system which will allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.

• Limiting warming at 1.5°C would yield a number of avoided impacts, such as keeping sea level rise <1 m.

• The is higher risks and impacts for socially marginalized groups, the elderly and children, and outdoor workers, as well as for people who may shift from transient to chronic states of poverty which will affects millions under a 1.5°C increase, and likely many more under a 2°C warming, particularly in low-latitude and low- and middle-income countries like Ghana.

Why Ghana governments need not to push for 2 degrees

• The 2-degree Celsius has an increased risk of sea level rise, shifting rainfall patterns and extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and heat waves, particularly targeting the Polar Regions, high mountain areas and the Tropics.

• 2-degrees temperature will mean a more warming in Ghana and also in some African countries as Archbishop Desmond Tutu one of the most outspoken non-delegate critics in Copenhagen in 2009 who drew attention to the fact that a 2°C global average would mean 3°C–3.5°C or more for Africa, hence the ‘cooking of the continent’ and its condemnation to incineration and no modern development.

• 2-degrees temperature will pose a risk for millions of poor and vulnerable populations in Ghana especially those who are trapped due to high environmental vulnerability and low levels of well being will be the first to cross over into a danger zone at all levels of temperature increase.

Extreme events such as floods, hurricanes, and heat waves are also expected to cause high risk in a 2°C warmer world. These events will put at significant danger to disadvantaged populations in the north and southern part of Ghana of which their livelihoods depend on natural resources such as agriculture and will be at risk from conflicts over scarce resources between them and people will be displaced or forced to migrate. I therefore urge the government of Ghana to act now by pushing for 1.5 degree as a global target.

By

Fariya Abubakari is the Country Coordinator of End Ecocide Ghana,

Global Ambassador of YEW, Commonwealth Correspondence, Climate Tracker Activist for Adopt a Negotiator Program, Agricultural Economist and a soil scientist. fariyaabubakari@yahoo.com,