TOR's breakdown a symbol of economic woes

The discovery of oil in Ghana in 2007, added to its gold and cocoa wealth and its other major asset, stable democracy, gave it a chance to start catching up with oil giant Nigeria and regional West African economic powerhouse Côte d’Ivoire.

The year after oil began flowing in 2010 economic growth spiked to 14.8%, one of the highest rates in the world.

Now, however, the country faces high levels of public debt, a currency that has fallen sharply, a yawning budget deficit and inflation that recently rose as high as 17%. Chronic power shortages have led to lengthy rolling blackouts, angering voters and raising business costs.

The growth that propelled Ghana to official "middle income" status in 2010 is forecast at a modest 3.9% this year, lower than the average for sub-Saharan Africa.

Economists say Ghana’s prospects are still bright over the medium term but only if it quickly restores fiscal stability.

The 45,000 barrel-a-day Tema Oil Refinery east of Accra is a case in point: it played a key role in Ghana’s oil sector for decades, but was subsidised by the government. In practice, some of those payments were not made, leaving it in debt.

A mechanical fault has now put it out of action for a month.

To stabilise the economy, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) last week agreed to a $918m aid programme that also aims to help increase tax collection and strengthen central bank policy.

The sagging economy presents an opportunity for the opposition New Patriotic Party, whose leader Nana Akufo-Addo blames the National Democratic Congress government for the problems.

Mr Akufo-Addo lost narrowly to President John Mahama in 2012 and is set to run against him again next year in what is likely to be a close election between two parties with government experience and similar ideological stances.

"None of these problems really originate with this government. But each step of the way the government has acted to make things worse rather than better," said Joe Jackson, director of business operations at Dalex Finance, a non-bank financial institution based in Accra.

Mr Mahama’s government defends its record and says mid-term prospects are healthy as fresh oil and gas finds come on stream from two offshore fields in the next few years.

It blames the economic problems on lower global commodity prices and says it has a plan to restore growth and stability.

"Government will continue to work tirelessly to ensure that these positive prospects, as well as our macroeconomic stability and socioeconomic objectives, are not derailed," Finance Minister Seth Terkper told Reuters.

The IMF deal is key to a plan to secure a bridge financing loan in the first half of this year followed by a Eurobond. It should also help unlock donor budget support.

But investors and economists say it is not a fail-safe route back to fiscal health.

"It will depend on implementation," said Moody’s analyst Elisa Parisi-Capone. "We need to see how authorities progress in terms of fiscal consolidation."

Ghana has struggled to implement past IMF programmes, especially in the run-up to elections. Public sector wages ballooned in the 2012 election year, pushing the budget deficit to a huge 12% of gross domestic product.

Moody’s downgraded Ghana’s sovereign rating last month in a move that took into account the IMF agreement. At the same time, the deal requires civil service reform to reduce the wage bill — a move that could lead to conflict with powerful unions.

"The speed of cuts in the public sector will likely proceed at a much slower pace than required by the IMF," Teneo Intelligence, a business consultancy, said in a research note.

With all that, the irony of the refinery breakdown may be how little it will be missed by an economy that has shifted radically from the state-dominated vision of Kwame Nkrumah, elected Ghana’s first president after independence from Britain in 1957.

Most of Ghana’s fuel needs these days are imported as finished product, not crude, and the refinery processes none of the roughly 100,000 barrels a day of oil produced by the Jubilee offshore field, operated by Britain’s Tullow.

Last year, the refinery processed just 18% of Ghana’s 3.7-million metric tonnes of fuel imports, according to Ghana Chamber of Bulk Oil Distributors figures.

"The Tema close down will have no bearing on fuel supply because it has not really been an active player in Ghana’s fuel supply in a long while," said the head of an oil import firm.

Mr Mahama last year said the government was seeking an external partner for the refinery amid talk of a deal with Saudi Arabia’s Petro Saudi but no deal has been finalised.