World Suicide Prevention Day by Ghana Psychological Association

The World Suicide Prevention Day (WSPD), which falls on the 10th September of every year is an opportunity for raising critical awareness on the reality of suicides and the attendant devastations it leaves for all.

This day is a special day for calling the attention of national governments, organizations, and individuals to the urgent need to contribute meaningfully towards the prevention of suicides. Seen usually as an individual problem, suicide has wider consequences for the whole family, friends and colleagues, employers and employees, communities and the country in general.

Suicide occurs at the intersection of biology, psychology, psychiatric, cultural, existential, and a host of factors. It is best conceived as a multicausal problem that requires multiple expertise and multi-sectorial approaches for addressing it.

Available statistics from the World Health Organization in 2012 has it that globally, more than 800,000 people take their lives annually, which equate to 1 suicide nearly every 40 seconds. For each suicide, more than 20 people attempt suicides. The single most important risk factor for suicide across the general population is a previous suicide attempt.

Recent research evidence shows that in Ghana today:

- 1 in 10 adults in rural communities think about taking their own lives

- Similarly, nearly 3 in 10 junior high school students in Ghana report attempting suicide in the past 12 months, while 2 out of 10 senior high school students report attempting suicide during the past 12 months.

- Among school-going deaf adolescents, 1 in 10 students reports attempting suicide in the past 12 months.

-Across second cycle schools, about 2 in 10 students report intentional self- injury or self-poisoning in their lifetime.

- 2 out of 5 adolescents who identify as LGBT engage in self-poisoning or self- injurious behaviours.

- Nearly 3 in 10 police officers in urban Ghana report having had thoughts about taking their own lives during the previous 12 months

-Ongoing research indicates that some displaced staff and survivors of the recent banking sector clean-up have contemplated and attempted suicide.

The theme for this year’s WSPD “working together to prevent suicide” is a clarion call for a collective efforts towards suicide prevention because suicide prevention is everyone’s business. A call for concerted efforts is in the right direction since each and every one of us has a role to play. The multifaceted nature of the problem requires that we go beyond one-size-fits-all prevention frameworks which are not achieving the much-needed results. This is because interventions from such frameworks are usually singular, universalized, and acontextual, and often inform a conceptualization of suicide as an individual problem

requiring solutions at the individual level. Many countries are instead embracing frameworks that situate suicides within particular social and cultural contexts towards context relevant solutions. A context-based understanding is useful because evidence shows that not all who bear suicide risks go-ahead to kill themselves.

In Ghana, evidence shows age-related suicide risks factors that intersect with other factors including gender, familial, cultural and social and economic. School and family-related factors such as bullying, poor academic performance, substance use, parental neglect, physical and sexual abuse, and financial constraints have been implicated in many adolescent suicides, alongside (cyber) bullying, romantic relationship crisis, and issues related to shame and dishonour. For such adolescents, lack of safe outlets for ventilating their concerns leads them to risky behaviours such as unsafe sexual choices, substance use, self-cutting, self-poisoning, which all pose grave risks to their lives. A recent study, however, shows that parental warmth and understanding and familial social support act as key protective factors against the onset of suicidal behaviours among adolescents and young people.

Among adults, the evidence in Ghana has revealed the gendered nature of suicides, where some men use suicides as means for escaping loss of face due mostly to inability to fulfil what is considered the three P masculinity norms in Ghana, i.e. ability to provide materially for one’s nuclear and extended family, ability to perform sexually, and ability to produce children.

A recent study into suicides among men in Ghana showed that for some men, strict adherence to traditional masculine norms hinders their ability to disclose their psychosocial troubles due mainly to fear of stigma and name-calling.

The use of substances such as alcohol and marijuana present as self-medication strategies, which in turn aggravate the situation of some men, and subsequently elevates the risk for suicides.

Although female suicides are grossly under-reported among some groups in Ghana, available evidence shows that most women who live under oppressive marital, family and community contexts kill themselves when they have no option for seeking redress.

Studies have also shown how some of the aged in Ghana take their lives due to feelings of being a burden to their relatively young benefactors.

For a majority of these older persons, chronic illnesses combined with a conflictual relationship with spouses and children, as well as indebtedness remain serious push factors for their suicides.

Suicide research evidence in Ghana has also shown that the labelling of older women as witches is a risk for suicide among aged women. More worryingly, recent evidence from Ghana suggests that ALL media houses in Ghana have failed in their reportage of suicide in line with WHO standards for suicide reporting.

Besides the problems of sensationalism and needless glamourisation, our media houses continue to give a detailed account of suicide methods, post images of suicidal persons and fail to provide the public with suicide prevention education and professional contacts for suicide support services.

Failure to adhere to prescribed suicide reporting standards is a great risk for copycat suicide in vulnerable persons.

It is important that as a country, we scale up our efforts towards preventing incidences of suicides. One key way of doing so is by first seeking to understand the stories surrounding each suicide case to know what we can do as individuals or groups to help. However, the current practice of stigmatization, social taunts, and criminalization of suicide attempt militate against genuine efforts towards getting people to share their problems to attain the needed help.